Investing in Residential Real Estate:  Achieving Positive Cash Flow

by Jeanette Joy Fisher and Robert S. Kramarz

When investing in real estate, it is highly desirable to achieve positive cash flow on a month-to-month basis.  This is true even if you are counting on property value appreciation to supply the bulk of your desired return on investment.  If you are losing money month-to-month, you may find all of your eventual profits eaten up by the monthly drain on your income.  This will be particularly true if there is a downturn in property values for a few years.

Worse yet, you may tire of the monthly outflow of cash, and you may give up on the property before you have a chance to achieve the desired appreciation.  You will be much more comfortable waiting for your property to appreciate if you are making at least some money every month, or at least not losing money every month.

One exception to this rule is when you are purchasing a property to fix it up and flip it.  While you are fixing it up, you may not be able to rent it out at all (depending on how extensive the work is) or you may have to rent it at reduced rates.  The negative cash flow is just part of the expense of rehabilitating the property and will be quickly reversed by your profits upon sale of the property.  This assumes that you have properly calculated all of your costs and you have purchased the right property.

In other cases, we think it is wise to achieve positive cash flow,  Here are some tricks and ideas involving the financing of the property:

Lower cost properties are generally easier to rent at a profit than higher cost properties.  It therefore makes sense to purchase two or three smaller homes than one larger one, if your intention is to rent them out.

If you don't already own your own home, consider living in the first "investment" property you purchase.  (This assumes it is convenient to live in the area where you want to invest.) Interest rates and down payments are lower for a primary residence.  Also, you don't have to deal with the problems of finding and managing tenants, paying for any damage they may cause, and absorbing the cost of an occasional vacancy.  This will also give you very valuable experience in dealing with real estate.

If you live in a home for only two out of five years, it probably qualifies as a primary residence from the point of view of the IRS, and therefore appreciation of the property value is probably tax free up to a certain level (for federal income tax).  Check with your tax advisor for the exact rules.  So one strategy is to purchase a new investment property every couple of years, live in it for the first couple of years, then purchase and move into another property.  Rent out the first one while it continues to appreciate.  Since you live in each new house for the first few years, you can get a loan at primary residence rates, and you will also have the tax benefits of a primary residence, yet actually own several homes at the same time.

A "second home" (that is, a vacation home) also qualifies for preferential interest rates.  You have to be able to state that you live there a portion of each year and you cannot claim rental of the property as income.  There are other requirements such as location of the property.  If this fits, consider making one of your investment properties a second home.  Do check with your lender to be sure you know all the requirements for a home to be considered a second home before you go out and buy one.  Note that with a second home, you cannot use any rents your charge as income.  You will have to qualify for the loan based upon your income without considering any rental income from the second home.

The easiest and best way to achieve positive cash flow is to get a loan with a ridiculously low interest rate for the first several years.  Nowadays, a number of lenders offer "payment option” loans.  These loans offer an optional minimum payment that starts with a rate between 1% and 2%, which results in very low monthly payments.  As a general rule, these low rates last for about 5 years.  During this period, the minimum payment increases year-to-year by a very small amount, usually no more than a factor of 1.075 per year.  If you take advantage of the minimum payment, you are actually charged a normal variable interest rate (such as about 4.5% today), but the interest you are not paying is deferred.  At the end of the first five years, the interest you have not paid is added to the loan amount, increasing the loan amount by a relatively small amount.  Ask your loan officer to calculate the exact amount.  At that time, the loan then becomes a standard variable rate loan.  This is not a problem because you can assume that property value appreciation will be far larger than the deferred interest.  With this plan, you should plan to refinance or sell the property within 5 years, which is commonly not a problem.  (Such loans may not be available in all states.)

Another way to minimize monthly interest payments is to obtain an interest-only loan.  The interest-only period of most loans is usually 5 to 10 years.  You should plan on selling or refinancing by the end of this period.

The interest rate you pay and your eligibility for special loans such as a "payment option" loan is subject to your credit rating, your employment status and the financial reserves (savings) you have on hand.   Do everything you can to get your credit scores above average (above 640 and preferably above 680).  Make sure you are steadily employed in one profession or engaged in your own business or profession for a period of at least one year steadily, and preferably two, and make sure you can prove it.  Extended gaps in employment can make qualifying for a low interest loan much more difficult.   Lastly, save up enough to make at least a 10% down payment.  This will open the door to better rates.

Payment option loans as described above generally require 20% to 25% down payments.  A down payment of 20% or more will also eliminate the need to pay for mortgage insurance.  Mortgage insurance is charged by all lenders for loans with less than 20% down payment, even if it is not explicitly stated as such.  The extra expense may be built into the rate (as is the case with so-called “sub-prime” or high risk loans), rather than stated separately, but it is there.  Mortgage insurance covers the lender against the risk of a default, when there is not enough extra value in the property to pay off the loan and the expenses of foreclosure.

The above tips and ideas may get you started toward positive cash flow in your real estate investments.  There are many other ideas that may apply to your particular circumstances or where you live or where you want to invest, and not all of the above ideas may apply to you.  We are writing from the U.S.  Outside of the U.S., laws and loan programs may be completely different than the above.  In any case, please ask your loan officer or financial advisor for his or her opinion and ideas to verify and add to the above.

Robert S. Kramarz is a loan officer for a major loan brokerage.  He has over 20 years experience in finance and business management and comes from a family a long background in real estate investing and banking.  He specializes in providing financing for purchase of investment real estate.  He can be reached by email at MrFunding@22cv.com.  Further information is available at the website http://www.sweetloan.info.